{"ikmk_id":"81165","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Gratianus","inventory_number":"R\u00d6 29055","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/sachbegriff\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/object?id=ID81165","permalink_source":null,"publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":32,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/32","publisher_name":"Kunsthistorischen Museum Wien, M\u00fcnzkabinett","publisher_isil":"https:\/\/www.obvsg.at\/AT-KHMW-MK\/","publisher_isil_short":"AT-KHMW-MK","UID":"https:\/\/www.obvsg.at\/AT-KHMW-MK\/\/ID81165","legalBodyWeblink":"http:\/\/www.khm.at\/"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"32","owner_name":"Wien, M\u00fcnzkabinett, Kunsthistorisches Museum","owner_isil":"https:\/\/permalink.obvsg.at\/ais\/AA00002311","owner_isil_short":"AT-KHMW-MK","owner_www_address":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/mk_wien","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/32","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/possession_kind\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"1107","nominal_de":"Siliqua","nominal_en":"Siliqua","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/siliqua","nominal_gnd_id":"","info_de":"Eigentlich die Schote des Johannisbrotbaumes (griech. keration). Der Begriff bezeichnet sowohl die Gewichtseinheit zu 1\/1728 des r\u00f6m. Pfundes (0,189 g) als auch eine von Constantinus I. um 313 n. Chr. erstmals gepr\u00e4gte Silberm\u00fcnze mit einem offiziellen, oft aber leicht unterschrittenen Gewicht von 3,41 g (1\/96 des r\u00f6m. Pfundes, und damit dem alten Denar seit Nero und dem Argenteus des Diocletianus entsprechend). Sie galt 1\/24 des goldenen Solidus. Um 360 n. Chr. abgewertet auf 2,27 g (1\/144 libra). Zwei Siliquen entsprechen einem Miliarense. Bis unter Honorius (393\u2013423 n. Chr.) in gro\u00dfer Zahl gepr\u00e4gt, danach seltener mit h\u00e4ufig schwankendem Gewicht. Auch byzantinische M\u00fcnzen des 5.-7. Jhs. sowie Pr\u00e4gungen germanischer St\u00e4mme der V\u00f6lkerwanderungszeit werden als Siliquen bezeichnet, dort kommen auch weitere Unterteilungen vor.\r\n\r\nLit.: F. von Schr\u00f6tter, W\u00f6rterbuch der M\u00fcnzkunde (1930) 638 s. v. Siliqua.","info_en":"","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/nominal\/1107"},"patronage":"nicht vergeben (EUR 25,-)","date_last":"2022-12-11 17:52:24","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"29","coin_status_name_de":"Antike Herrscherpr\u00e4gung","coin_status_name_en":"Ancient Ruler's issue","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ruler","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/muenzstand\/29"}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"25","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/land\/25","country_name_de":"Italien","country_name_en":"Italy","country_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/italian_republic","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3175395","ikmk_region_id":"263","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/263","region_name":"Italia","region_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/italy","region_geoname_id":"","ikmk_mint_id":"615","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/ort\/615","mint_name":"Aquileia","mint_name_de":"Aquileia","mint_name_en":null,"mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/aquileia","mint_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3182943"}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"1","material_name_de":"Silber","material_name_en":"Silver","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ar","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/1"},"diameter":"18 mm","die_axis":"6 h","weight":"2.03 g","accession":"-","access_year":"","provenienz_extern":"","acquisition_date":null,"avers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"D N GRATIA - NVS P F AVG","image_description":"B\u00fcste des Gratianus nach rechts mit Perlendiadem und Paludament \u00fcber C\u00fcra\u00df (PDiad2PCv)","foto_date":null,"photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"1","photographer_name":"Photoatelier, KHM","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID81165\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID81165\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n81\/81165\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID81165\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID81165\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1425999138,"copyright":{"short":"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 AT","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/at\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht-kommerziell - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 3.0 \u00d6sterreich Lizenz<\/a>. 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Photographs by Photoatelier, KHM."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"VRBS - ROMA; Beizeichen: - - \/\/ AQPS\u2022","image_description":"Roma nach links sitzend, h\u00e4lt Victoriola und umgedrehte Lanze","foto_date":null,"photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"1","photographer_name":"Photoatelier, KHM","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID81165\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID81165\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n81\/81165\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID81165\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID81165\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1425999138,"copyright":{"short":"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 AT","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/at\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht-kommerziell - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 3.0 \u00d6sterreich Lizenz<\/a>. 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Jh.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4124227-0","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020666"}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"46","timeline_item":"Von 293 bis zum Ende des 4. Jahrhunderts n. Chr.","description":"Die Regierungszeit des Diocletianus und seiner Mitherrscher (284-305 n. Chr.) ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Neuordnung des Staatswesens: Neue M\u00fcnzsorten wie der Nummus (Follis), der Argenteus und der auf 1\/60 des Pfundes festgesetzte Aureus werden eingef\u00fchrt und in ein festes Wechselverh\u00e4ltnis gesetzt. Diese Ma\u00dfnahmen k\u00f6nnen die Verschlechterung des Geldes nur f\u00fcr kurze Zeit aufhalten. Constantinus I. (306-337) f\u00fchrt mit dem Solidus eine neue Gold- sowie mit Siliqua und Miliarense neue Silberm\u00fcnzen ein; die Bronzenominale unterliegen ebenfalls bereits einer Abwertung. Insgesamt wird aber zur Mitte des 4. Jhs. eine Tendenz zur Goldw\u00e4hrung deutlich. Neue Goldminen werden erschlossen und h\u00f6here St\u00fcckzahlen gepr\u00e4gt. Vom Bronzegeld werden bald in schneller Folge verschiedene Sorten ausgegeben, denen es aber durchweg an dauerhaftem Geldwert mangelt. So wird das Bronzegeld abermals um 348 reformiert, auch Iulianus (genannt Apostata, reg. 361-363) versucht sich in der Einf\u00fchrung eines neuen, gro\u00dfen Bronzenominales. Zum Ende der 360er Jahre wird die regelhafte Kennzeichnung der Solidi als Feingold (OB = Obryzum) verpflichend. Ihre Entsprechung beim Silbergeld ist das K\u00fcrzel PS = pusulatum. Auch nimmt die Bedeutung der silbernen Siliquen immer mehr ab. F\u00fcr die Bildsprache der M\u00fcnzen seit der Tetrarchie ist die Betonung der absoluten Stellung des Kaisers als Dominus (\u201eHerr\u201c) charakteristisch.","year_from":"293","year_until":"400","autor":"Dahmen, Karsten"}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer\u00a0Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht-kommerziell - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 3.0 \u00d6sterreich Lizenz<\/a>.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Austria License<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>\u00a0lizenziert.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 AT","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/at\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/at\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Namensnennung - Nicht-kommerziell - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 3.0 \u00d6sterreich","en":"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Austria"}}}