{"ikmk_id":"927","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Titus","inventory_number":"R\u00d6 88111","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/sachbegriff\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/object?id=ID927","permalink_source":null,"publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":32,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/32","publisher_name":"Kunsthistorischen Museum Wien, M\u00fcnzkabinett","publisher_isil":"https:\/\/www.obvsg.at\/AT-KHMW-MK\/","publisher_isil_short":"AT-KHMW-MK","UID":"https:\/\/www.obvsg.at\/AT-KHMW-MK\/\/ID927","legalBodyWeblink":"http:\/\/www.khm.at\/"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"32","owner_name":"Wien, M\u00fcnzkabinett, Kunsthistorisches Museum","owner_isil":"https:\/\/permalink.obvsg.at\/ais\/AA00002311","owner_isil_short":"AT-KHMW-MK","owner_www_address":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/mk_wien","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/32","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/possession_kind\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"675","nominal_de":"Aureus","nominal_en":"Aureus","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/aureus","nominal_gnd_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4873978-9","info_de":"Zu Zeiten der r\u00f6mischen Republik stellt die Pr\u00e4gung von Goldm\u00fcnzen eine Seltenheit und damit eine besonderen Umst\u00e4nden geschuldete Pr\u00e4gung dar. Das fr\u00fcheste Beispiel ist das sogenannte Schwurszenengold (unterschiedlich datiert 241 bzw. 216 v. Chr.). Eine weitere Serie wird von dem sog. Mars\/Adler-Gold in St\u00fccken zu 60, 40 und 20 Assen vertreten, die im 2. Punischen Krieg um 211-209 v. Chr. entstanden sind. In der 1. H\u00e4lfte des 1. Jhs. v. Chr. gaben unter anderem Sulla und Pompeius seltene Aurei (zu 1\/30 bzw. 1\/36 des r\u00f6m. Pfundes) aus. Erst mit der Ausm\u00fcnzung gro\u00dfer Goldvorr\u00e4te unter Caesar ab 48 v. Chr. wurden Goldm\u00fcnzen (nun zu 1\/40 Pfund) und 25 silbernen Denaren entsprechend ausgegeben, die Produktion lief auch w\u00e4hrend des 2. Triumvirates weiter. Augustus reduzierte den Aureus auf 1\/42 des Pfundes (ca. 7,72 g) bei gleichbleibendem Wechselkurs von 25 Denaren. Neros M\u00fcnzreform von 64 n. Chr. verringerte das Gewicht auf 1\/45 des Pfundes, also ca. 7,27 g. Unter Domitianus f\u00fcr kurze Zeit wieder auf 1\/42 Pfund angehoben, blieb der neronische Standard zu 1\/45 Pfund bis in das 3. Jh. zumindest theoretisch vorbildhaft. Unter Caracalla auf 1\/50 Pfund = 6,55 g nochmals reduziert, verfielen im Verlauf des 3. Jh. n. Chr. Gewicht und Feingehalt, auch das Verh\u00e4ltnis zum Denar wurde schwankend. Bereits seit Commodus war der Umfang der Goldpr\u00e4gung eingeschr\u00e4nkt worden. Der bis auf 1\/72 des Pfundes abgesunkene Aureus wurde von Diocletianus zuletzt reformiert und ab ca. 284 n. Chr. zu 1\/70 Pfund (ca. 4,7 g) und ab um 286 n. Chr. zu 1\/60 Pfund (ca. 5,45 g) gepr\u00e4gt. Nachdem Constantinus I. um 309 n. Chr. mit dem Solidus eine neue Goldw\u00e4hrung etablierte, wurden die letzten Aurei in den 320er Jahren im Namen des Licinius ausgegeben. Besondere Emissionen von schweren Goldm\u00fcnzen des 4.\u20135. Jhs., die als Geschenke an Beamte und Milit\u00e4rs vergeben wurden, werden heute bisweilen als \u201eFestaurei\u201c bezeichnet. Das Halbst\u00fcck des Aureus ist der auch in Gold gepr\u00e4gte Quinarius, das Doppelst\u00fcck der Binio, noch seltener sind der Quaternio (vier Aurei) und Octonio (Achtfachst\u00fcck). s. auch Multipla.\r\n\r\nLit.: F. von Schr\u00f6tter, W\u00f6rterbuch der M\u00fcnzkunde (1930) 49-51 s. v. Aureus.","info_en":"","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/nominal\/675"},"patronage":"nicht vergeben (EUR 25,-)","date_last":"2022-12-11 17:52:24","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"29","coin_status_name_de":"Antike Herrscherpr\u00e4gung","coin_status_name_en":"Ancient Ruler's issue","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ruler","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/muenzstand\/29"}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"25","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/land\/25","country_name_de":"Italien","country_name_en":"Italy","country_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/italian_republic","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3175395","ikmk_region_id":"263","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/263","region_name":"Italia","region_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/italy","region_geoname_id":"","ikmk_mint_id":"678","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/ort\/678","mint_name":"Rom","mint_name_de":"Rom","mint_name_en":"Rome","mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/rome","mint_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3169070"}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"3","material_name_de":"Gold","material_name_en":"Gold","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/av","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/3"},"diameter":"19 mm","die_axis":"6 h","weight":"7.22 g","accession":"-","access_year":"1966","findspot":{"ikmk_country_id":"9","country_ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/land\/9","country_name_de":"\u00d6sterreich","country_name_en":"Austria","country_nomisma_id":"","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/2782113","ikmk_findspot_id":"2061","findspot_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/ort\/2061","findspot_name":"St. Pantaleon-Erla","findspot_nomisma_id":"","findspot_geonames_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/7871697"},"provenienz_extern":null,"acquisition_date":null,"avers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"IMP TITVS CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M","image_description":"B\u00fcste des Titus nach rechts mit Lorbeerkranz","foto_date":null,"photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"1","photographer_name":"Photoatelier, KHM","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID927\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID927\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n0\/927\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID927\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID927\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1540418093,"copyright":{"short":"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 AT","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/at\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht-kommerziell - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 3.0 \u00d6sterreich Lizenz<\/a>. M\u00fcnzkabinett, Kunsthistorisches Museum, ID927. Aufnahme durch Photoatelier, KHM.","en":"Image files are licensed Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Austria License<\/a>. M\u00fcnzkabinett, Kunsthistorisches Museum, ID927. Photographs by Photoatelier, KHM."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"TR P VIIII IMP XIIII COS VII","image_description":"Venus steht nach rechts an S\u00e4ule gelehnt, h\u00e4lt Helm und Lanze, an S\u00e4ule gelehnt: Schild","foto_date":null,"photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"1","photographer_name":"Photoatelier, KHM","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID927\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID927\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n0\/927\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID927\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/www.ikmk.at\/image\/ID927\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1540418093,"copyright":{"short":"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 AT","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/at\/","de":"Bilddateien sind lizenziert als Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht-kommerziell - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 3.0 \u00d6sterreich Lizenz<\/a>. M\u00fcnzkabinett, Kunsthistorisches Museum, ID927. Aufnahme durch Photoatelier, KHM.","en":"Image files are licensed Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Austria License<\/a>. M\u00fcnzkabinett, Kunsthistorisches Museum, ID927. Photographs by Photoatelier, KHM."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"1","division_name_de":"Antike","division_name_en":"Antiquity"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"3","subdivision_name_de":"R\u00f6mische Kaiserzeit","subdivision_name_en":"Roman Imperial period"},"literatur":"RIC II, 1\u00b2, 13; RIC II, 3","comment":"Das St\u00fcck stammt aus dem 1966 geborgenen Schatzfund aus Sankt Pantaleon-Erla in Nieder\u00f6sterreich. Er enthielt 103 Aurei und 671 Denare von der sp\u00e4ten Republik bis Hadrian.","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"4","name_de":"R\u00f6mische Kaiserzeit","name_en":null,"description_de":"","description_en":null,"concept_id":"","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/periode\/4"},"year_start":"79","year_end":"79","date_verbal":"79 n. Chr.","year_islam":"0","references":[{"ikmk_referenz_id":10,"souce":"RIC II-1\u00b2 Titus","number":"0013","similar":"0"}],"type_references":{"6900":"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.2_1(2).tit.13"},"manufacturing":[{"ikmk_manufacturing_id":"21","manufacturing_name_de":"gepr\u00e4gt","manufacturing_name_en":"struck","nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/struck","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/herstellungtyp\/21"}],"linked_persons_corporations":{"54":{"ikmk_type_id":"54","type_name_de":"Dargestellte\/r","type_name_en":"Sitter","type_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/portrait","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300189844","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/persontype\/54","items":{"1453":{"ikmk_person_id":"1453","title_de":"","first_name_de":"","last_name_de":"Titus","vitalDates":"39-81 n. Chr.","title_en":null,"first_name_en":null,"last_name_en":"Titus","corporation":"0","lod":{"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140737":"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140737","https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q1421":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q1421","http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118622951":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118622951","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/83217593":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/83217593","http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/titus":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/titus","https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titus":"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titus","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titus":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titus","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/1453":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/1453"}}}},"57":{"ikmk_type_id":"57","type_name_de":"M\u00fcnzherr","type_name_en":"Authority","type_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/authority","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1051614252","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/persontype\/57","items":{"1453":{"ikmk_person_id":"1453","title_de":"","first_name_de":"","last_name_de":"Titus","vitalDates":"39-81 n. Chr.","title_en":null,"first_name_en":null,"last_name_en":"Titus","corporation":"0","lod":{"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140737":"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/term\/BIOG140737","https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q1421":"https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q1421","http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118622951":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118622951","https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/83217593":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/83217593","http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/titus":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/titus","https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titus":"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titus","https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titus":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titus","https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/1453":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/1453"}}}}},"keywords":[{"ikmk_keyword_id":"1","keyword_de":"Antike","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4068754-5","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300055818"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"70","keyword_de":"Gold","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4157819-3","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/www.nomisma.org\/id\/av"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"45","keyword_de":"G\u00f6tter","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4021469-2","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300343850"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"22","keyword_de":"Italien","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4027833-5","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/tgn\/1000080"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"43","keyword_de":"Portr\u00e4ts","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4006627-7","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300015637"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"7","keyword_de":"R\u00f6mische Kaiserzeit, 1. Jh. v. Chr.-3. Jh.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/7512142-6","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020541"}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"50","timeline_item":"Von Tiberius zu den Flaviern","description":"Nach dem Tod des Augustus diente das erste Jahrhundert n. Chr. der Etablierung des neuen Herrschaftssystems des Prinzipates. Diese Periode l\u00e4\u00dft sich in drei Abschnitte einteilen. Die Kaiser bis auf Nero (54-68 n. Chr.) f\u00fchrten sich auf die iulisch-claudische Familie zur\u00fcck. Nach der Ermordung des Nero folgte eine Phase der B\u00fcrgerkriege mit vier innerhalb des Jahres 68\/69 rasch wechselnden Kaisern. Aus den K\u00e4mpfen ging der General T. Flavius Vespasianus (69-79) siegreich hervor, der seine Herrschaft an seine S\u00f6hne Titus (79-81) und Domitianus (81-96) vererben konnte.","year_from":"14","year_until":"96","autor":"Weisser, Bernhard"}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer\u00a0Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht-kommerziell - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 3.0 \u00d6sterreich Lizenz<\/a>.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Austria License<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>\u00a0lizenziert.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 AT","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/at\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/at\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Namensnennung - Nicht-kommerziell - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 3.0 \u00d6sterreich","en":"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Austria"}}}